Architecture Appreciation Test 2 1. The planes crash into the buildings, damaging or destroying many outer columns. Some interior columns are also damaged, but the buildings still stand. 2. Fire erupts instantly and is spread by jet fuel down the core. 3. Temperatures reach as high as 1600 F, weakening steel columns until they can no longer support building weight. Interior columns essentially melt and collapse, buckling the exterior columns. 4. The added weight of each collapsed floor causes a pan-caking effect (called progressive collapse) and the buildings come down. - ✔✔4 steps of collapse of Twin Towers Daniel Libeskind actually won; call it the Freedom Tower - ✔✔Many entries were submitted for a replacement for the Twin Towers. Who had the winning entry, and what is it called now? David Childs, FAIA (Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill) - ✔✔Who designed the Sears Tower, Hancock Tower, and the Burj Khalifa in Dubai? "Dead" Loads - ✔✔forces from all the "immovable" elements of a building (weight of building materials, walls, floors, built-ins, etc.) "Live" Loads - ✔✔forces from all the "movable" elements of a building (people, equipment, furniture, etc) Compression - ✔✔Capacity to resit being pushed together Tension - ✔✔Capacity to resist pulling apart Post and Beam - ✔✔a structural system that uses two or more uprights or posts to support a horizontal beam (lintel) that spans the space between them; trabeated system Frame - ✔✔trabeated; can be made of steel, wood, stucco, etc; light, thin walls Masonry - ✔✔arcuated; can be made of brick, concrete, stone; heavy, thick walls Menhirs - ✔✔single stone standing upright Dolmen - ✔✔several stones supporting a stone slab Henges - ✔✔circular ditches around which some megalithic monuments are arranged Cromlech - ✔✔circle of stones Stonehenge - ✔✔the most famous of Neolithic monuments; built 3000-2100 BC; menhir, dolmen, henge, and cromlech; trabeation; post and lintels Remarkable joinery - ✔✔mortise and tenon step pyramid, bent pyramid, and straight sided pyramid - ✔✔three types of pyramids step pyramid - ✔✔Djoser's Pyramid; Saqqara, Egypt bent pyramid - ✔✔Sneferu's South Pyramid; Dahshur, Egypt straight-sided pyramid - ✔✔Cheop's Pyramid; Giza, Egypt Ziggurats - ✔✔stepped structures; some of the oldest structures (2125 BC); built from mud bricks Great Pyramid
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